MIKROPLASTIK PADA KONTINUM AIR TAWAR–LAUT: TRANSPORTASI SUMBER-KE-ENDAPAN, RISIKO PLASTISFER, DAN MITIGASI TERINTEGRASI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35334/m64yjc07Keywords:
air limbah, air tawar, estuari, mikroplastik, plastisfer, transportasi sumber-ke-endapan, limpasan hujanAbstract
Tinjauan ini mensintesis bukti terbaru mengenai transportasi dan risiko mikroplastik pada sistem air tawar, estuari, dan pesisir. Literatur dihimpun dari Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed/PMC, serta sumber institusional terpilih dengan kombinasi kata kunci terkait mikroplastik, air tawar, estuari, perairan pesisir, transportasi sumber-ke-endapan, partisi vertikal, plastisfer, limpasan hujan, air limbah, dan mitigasi. Prioritas diberikan pada studi peer-reviewed tahun 2023–2026, sementara studi dasar dan dokumen kebijakan dipertahankan apabila mendukung definisi, metode, atau interpretasi pengelolaan. Sintesis menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan mikroplastik lebih dikendalikan oleh konektivitas hidrologis, kejadian hujan, retensi sedimen, stratifikasi vertikal, pertukaran air tanah, dan struktur habitat dibandingkan gradien hulu–hilir sederhana. Penilaian risiko juga bergeser dari fokus ingesti menuju bahaya yang dimediasi plastisfer, termasuk patogen, gen resistensi antibiotik, elemen genetik bergerak, dan ko-kontaminan. Mitigasi yang efektif memerlukan portofolio terpadu berupa reduksi sumber, intersepsi limpasan, pemolesan air limbah, pengelolaan sedimen dan habitat, pemantauan terstandar, serta kebijakan berbasis siklus hidup.
References
Adenaya, A., Berger, M., Brinkhoff, T., Ribas-Ribas, M., & Wurl, O. (2023). Usage of antibiotics in aquaculture and the impact on coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114645
Adyari, B., Liao, X., Yan, X., Qiu, Y., Grossart, H.-P., Li, L., Yu, T., Mao, G., Liu, K., Su, J., Liu, Y., & Hu, A. (2025). Anthropogenic gene dissemination in Tibetan Plateau rivers: Sewage-driven spread, environmental selection, and microeukaryotic inter-trophic driving factors. Water Research, 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123887
Akdogan, Z., Guven, B., & Kideys, A. E. (2023). Microplastic distribution in the surface water and sediment of the Ergene River. Environmental Research, 234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116500
Aladekoyi, O., Siddiqui, S., Hania, P., Hamza, R., & Gilbride, K. (2024). Accumulation of antibiotics in the environment: Have appropriate measures been taken to protect Canadian human and ecological health? Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116513
Alimi, O. S., Farner Budarz, J., Hernandez, L. M., & Tufenkji, N. (2018). Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments: Aggregation, deposition, and enhanced contaminant transport. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(4), 1704–1724. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05559
Allison, T., Ward, B. D., Harbottle, M., & Durance, I. (2026). Degradation of cellulose-based wet wipes marketed as ‘biodegradable’ in their receiving urban rivers. Environmental Pollution, 388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127376
Amenábar, M., Aguilera, M. A., Gallardo, C., Moore, C., De Vine, R., Lattin, G., Gamba, A., Luna-Acosta, A., & Thiel, M. (2024). Spatial distribution of microplastics in a coastal upwelling region: Offshore dispersal from urban sources in the Humboldt Current System. Environmental Pollution, 343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123157
Anagha, P. L., Viji, N. V., Devika, D., & Ramasamy, E. V. (2023). Distribution and abundance of microplastics in the water column of Vembanad Lake–A Ramsar site in Kerala, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115433
Anderson, J. C., Park, B. J., & Palace, V. P. (2016). Microplastics in aquatic environments: Implications for Canadian ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 218, 269–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.074
Anderson, P. J., Warrack, S., Langen, V., Challis, J. K., Hanson, M. L., & Rennie, M. D. (2017). Microplastic contamination in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Environmental Pollution, 225, 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.072
Arredondo-Navarro, A., Cunill-Flores, J. M., Forsythe, K., Scott, J., Martínez-Tavera, E., Flores-Cervantes, D. X., & González-Estrella, J. (2025). Spatiotemporal assessment of microplastic incidence in the Atoyac basin—A key watershed in Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14459-8
Augustus de Araújo, G., Santana Ramos, M. C., Dias Carvalho, G. L., Camilo-Cotrim, C. F., Braga do Amaral, R., Castro, Í. B., Rocha, T. L., & Damacena-Silva, L. (2025). Microplastic contamination in wild freshwater fish: Global trends, challenges and perspectives. Environmental Pollution, 377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126406
Ayaz, M., Oon, Y.-S., Oon, Y.-L., Khan, K., Deng, M., Li, L., Song, K., Jiang, X., & Xia, Z. (2025). Microplastics transport and impact on nitrogen cycling and N₂O emissions in estuaries. Environmental Pollution, 383, 126869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126869
Aydin, G. B. (2026). Assessing microplastic hazards in freshwater ecosystems using chironomid larvae: Insights from the Ergene River, European part of Türkiye. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 198(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14900-y
Bappy, M. M. M., Rahman, M. M., Hossain, M. K., Moniruzzaman, M., Yu, J., Arai, T., Paray, B. A., & Hossain, M. B. (2025). Distribution and retention efficiency of micro- and mesoplastics and heavy metals in mangrove, saltmarsh and cordgrass habitats along a subtropical coast. Environmental Pollution, 370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125908
Barathe, P., Reddy, S., Shriram, V., & Kumar, V. (2026). Co-selection of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae members from Mula-Mutha River (Pune, India). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 198(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-026-15179-3
Barber, T. R., Ribeiro, F., Claes, S., Kawamura, Y., Yeung, J., Byrne, H. A., Weyrauch, S., Reemtsma, T., & Unice, K. M. (2025). The identification and quantification of tire and road wear particles in Osaka Bay, Japan, by two analytical methods. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117363
Bayo, J., López-Castellanos, J., Olmos, S., & Rojo, D. (2023). A holistic approach on the impact of microplastic discharge from WWTPs to the neighboring environment in Southeast Spain. Water Research, 244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120516
Belesov, A. V., Rezviy, T. V., Pokryshkin, S. A., Chukhchin, D. G., & Kozhevnikov, A. Y. (2024). New insights into the role of sediments in microplastic inputs from the Northern Dvina River (Russia) to the White and Barents Seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116310
Bohara, K., Timilsina, A., Adhikari, K., Kafle, A., Basyal, S., Joshi, P., & Yadav, A. K. (2024). A mini review on 6PPD quinone: A new threat to aquaculture and fisheries. Environmental Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122828
Burns, E. E., & Boxall, A. B. A. (2018). Microplastics in the aquatic environment: Evidence for or against adverse impacts and major knowledge gaps. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 37, 2776–2796. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4268
Bydalek, F., Webster, G., Barden, R., Weightman, A. J., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., & Wenk, J. (2023). Microplastic biofilm, associated pathogen and antimicrobial resistance dynamics through a wastewater treatment process incorporating a constructed wetland. Water Research, 235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.119936
Carr, S. A., Liu, J., & Tesoro, A. G. (2016). Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 91, 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.002
Chanda, M., Bathi, J. R., Khan, E., Katyal, D., & Danquah, M. (2024). Microplastics in ecosystems: Critical review of occurrence, distribution, toxicity, fate, transport, and advances in experimental and computational studies in surface and subsurface water. Journal of Environmental Management, 370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122492
Chen, Y., Yan, Z., Yuan, Q., Ma, L., Wang, M., Zhang, P., Jiang, R., Lu, G., Yuan, S., & Gin, K. Y.-H. (2026). Deciphering the mechanisms shaping the antibiotic resistance genes in the vertical plastisphere in hyporheic zone under hydrological exchange. Water Research, 297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125659
Chen, Y., Yan, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Jiang, R., Wang, M., Yuan, S., & Lu, G. (2024). Dynamic evolution of antibiotic resistance genes in plastisphere in the vertical profile of urban rivers. Water Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120946
Choudhary, A., George, L., Mandal, A., Biswas, A., Ganie, Z. A., & Darbha, G. K. (2025). Assessment of microplastics and associated ecological risk in the longest river (Godavari) of peninsular India: A comprehensive source-to-sink analysis in water, sediment and fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117560
Cofano, V., Mele, D., Lacalamita, M., Di Leo, P., Scardino, G., Bravo, B., Cammarota, F., & Capolongo, D. (2023). Microplastics in inland and offshore sediments in the Apulo-Lucanian region (Southern Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115775
Das, B. K., Besra, R., Das, S., Sarkar, D. J., Mohanty, D., Roy, S., Baisakhi, B., & Kumari, M. (2026). Microplastics abundance in major tributaries and distributaries of the river Ganga at lower estuarine stretch. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118715
Das, P., Barik, S. K., & Bal, M. (2025). Microplastic transport dynamics and the path forward with magnetic nanoparticle based solutions. Journal of Environmental Management, 384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125496
Deng, C., Zhang, Y., Ma, Y., Sun, Y., Zhao, W., Chen, H., Liu, J., Gao, J., Zhang, Q., Quan, J., & Qi, R. (2025). Protecting water sources from animal and fecal pollution for preventing ARGs contamination. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118815
Deng, L., Yuan, Y., Xi, H., Wan, C., & Wu, C. (2025). Treated wastewater disturb the distributions of microplastics in their receiving watersheds. Journal of Environmental Management, 374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124096
Donnarumma, V., Trano, A. C., D’Agostino, F., Piredda, R., & Casotti, R. (2024). Comparative analysis of the microbial plastisphere at three sites along the Sarno river (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125226
Dueñas-Moreno, J., Mora, A., Capparelli, M. V., González-Domínguez, J., & Mahlknecht, J. (2024). Potential ecological risk assessment of microplastics in environmental compartments in Mexico: A meta-analysis. Environmental Pollution, 361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124812
Eerkes-Medrano, D., Thompson, R. C., & Aldridge, D. C. (2015). Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Research, 75, 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012
Eriksen, M., Mason, S., Wilson, S., Box, C., Zellers, A., Edwards, W., Farley, H., & Amato, S. (2013). Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 77, 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.007
Estherrani, J. R. B. T., Jeyakumar, S. S. L., Merlin, J. P., Christopher, J. J., Rajalakshmi, E., Sivanantham, D., Rodríguez-González, F., Arreola-Mendoza, L., & Ponniah, J. M. (2025). Presence of microplastics during high rainfall events in the Cauvery River (South India): Ecological risk and cultural practices. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-13421-4
European Commission. (2023a). Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/2055 – Restriction of microplastics intentionally added to products. https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/chemicals/reach/restrictions/commission-regulation-eu-20232055-restriction-microplastics-intentionally-added-products_en
European Commission. (2023b). Single-use plastics. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/plastics/single-use-plastics_en
Feizi, F., Akhbarizadeh, R., & Hamidian, A. H. (2024). Microplastics in urban water systems, Tehran Metropolitan, Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12815-8
Feng, Y., Sun, J.-W., Shi, W.-W., Duan, J.-L., Sun, X.-D., Feng, L.-J., Wang, Q., Gan, Y.-D., & Yuan, X.-Z. (2023). Microplastics exhibit accumulation and horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Journal of Environmental Management, 336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117632
Gadoin, E., Massot, M., Callens, M., Arnout, P., Bedhomme, S., & Rajkovic, A. (2026). Shotgun metagenomic profiling reveals a high diversity of taxa and genes within biofilms formed on microplastics incubated in urbanised aquatic ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119569
Gan, M., Zhang, Y., Shi, P., Cui, L., Zhang, C., & Guo, J. (2024). Occurrence, potential sources, and ecological risk assessment of microplastics in the inland river basins in Northern China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116656
Ghiglione, J.-F., Barbe, V., Bruzaud, S., et al. (2023). Mission Tara Microplastics: A holistic set of protocols and data resources for the field investigation of plastic pollution along the land-sea continuum in Europe. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26883-9
Graham, P. M., Pattinson, N. B., Bakir, A., McGoran, A. R., & Nel, H. A. (2024). Determination of microplastics in sediment, water, and fish across the Orange-Senqu River basin. Water Research, 266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122394
Guo, J., Jin, X., Zhou, Y., Gao, B., Li, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2024). Microplastic and antibiotics in waters: Interactions and environmental risks. Journal of Environmental Management, 371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123125
Hassan, I., Sethupathi, S., Bashir, M. J. K., Ahmad, A. L., & Parthasarathy, P. (2025). Tracking microplastics at the source: A comparative study of fluorescent and FTIR microscopy at a drinking water intake in the Perak River, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14127-x
He, Y., Lu, J., Li, C., Wang, X., Jiang, C., Zhu, L., Bu, X., Jabeen, K., Vo, T. T., & Li, D. (2024). From pollution to solutions: Insights into the sources, transport and management of plastic debris in pristine and urban rivers. Environmental Research, 245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.118024
Ho, C. M., Feng, W., Li, X., Ngien, S. K., Yu, X., Song, F., Yang, F., & Liao, H. (2025). Microplastic distribution and its implications for human health through marine environments. Journal of Environmental Management, 382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125427
Hoemann, C., Bauer, C. A., & Fissore, C. (2024). Assessing meso-, micro-, and nanoplastic pollution in Los Angeles County estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116822
Horton, A. A., Walton, A., Spurgeon, D. J., Lahive, E., & Svendsen, C. (2017). Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Science of the Total Environment, 586, 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190
Huang, Q., Liu, M., Cao, X., & Liu, Z. (2023). Occurrence of microplastics pollution in the Yangtze River: Distinct characteristics of spatial distribution and basin-wide ecological risk assessment. Water Research, 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.119431
Ihenetu, S. C., Xu, Q., Khan, Z. H., Kazmi, S. S. U. H., Ding, J., Sun, Q., & Li, G. (2024). Environmental fate of tire-rubber related pollutants 6PPD and 6PPD-Q: A review. Environmental Research, 258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119492
Imbulana, S., Tanaka, S., & Oluwoye, I. (2024). Quantifying annual microplastic emissions of an urban catchment: Surface runoff vs wastewater sources. Journal of Environmental Management, 360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121123
Jachimowicz, P., Babkiewicz, E., Gavlova, A., Lang, J., Mądzielewska, W. I., Maszczyk, P., Mierzyńska, K., & Zieliński, P. (2026). Global microplastic contamination in freshwater lakes: Spatial patterns, environmental drivers, and methodological challenges. Environmental Research, 291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123585
Jain, Y., Govindasamy, H., Kaur, G., Ajith, N., Ramasamy, K., R.S., R., & Ramachandran, P. (2024). Microplastic pollution in high-altitude Nainital lake, Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Pollution, 346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123598
Jangid, H., Dutta, J., Karnwal, A., & Kumar, G. (2025). Microplastic contamination in fish: A systematic global review of trends, health risks, and implications for consumer safety. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118279
Jin, X., Li, Z., Peñuelas, J., Sardans, J., Wu, Q., Peng, Y., Heděnec, P., Li, Z., Yuan, C., Yuan, J., Chen, Z., Zhao, Z., Wu, F., & Yue, K. (2025). Quantitative assessment on the distribution patterns of microplastics in global inland waters. Communications Earth & Environment, 6, 331. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02320-2
Jolaosho, T. L., Rasaq, M. F., Omotoye, E. V., Araomo, O. V., Adekoya, O. S., Abolaji, O. Y., & Hungbo, J. J. (2025). Microplastics in freshwater and marine ecosystems: Occurrence, characterization, sources, distribution dynamics, fate, transport processes, potential mitigation strategies, and policy interventions. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118036
Kazancı, Y., Alyürük, N., Alpergün, C., Kara, N., Baycan, N., & Gündüz, O. (2025). Analysis of microplastic flux from the Gediz River to the Aegean Sea: A modeling study for environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management, 391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126412
Kieu-Le, T.-C., Thuong, Q.-T., Truong, T.-N.-S., Le, T.-M.-T., Tran, Q.-V., & Strady, E. (2023). Baseline concentration of microplastics in surface water and sediment of the northern branches of the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114605
Kothawale, S. S., Kumar, L., & Singh, S. P. (2023). Role of organisms and their enzymes in the biodegradation of microplastics and nanoplastics: A review. Environmental Research, 232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116281
Kukkola, A., Runkel, R. L., Schneidewind, U., Murphy, S. F., Kelleher, L., Sambrook Smith, G. H., Nel, H. A., Lynch, I., & Krause, S. (2023). Prevailing impacts of river management on microplastic transport in contrasting US streams: Rethinking global microplastic flux estimations. Water Research, 240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120112
Landebrit, L., Sanchez, R., Soccalingame, L., Palazot, M., Kedzierski, M., Bruzeau, S., Albignac, M., Ludwig, W., Ghiglione, J.-F., & ter Halle, A. (2025). Small microplastics have much higher mass concentrations than large microplastics at the surface of nine major European rivers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 32, 10050–10065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34486-1
Lata, R., Waqainabete, T., Aru, S., & Rohindra, D. (2025). Measurement and daily consumption of microplastics in drinking water from a Small Island Developing State—Fiji: From freshwater to groundwater sources. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-13877-y
Li, B., Cao, X., Tang, B., Yi, W., Yang, X., Yang, C., He, M., Liao, Q., Du, D., Luo, X., & Zheng, J. (2026). An integrated dual-model framework for microplastic flux estimation and source apportionment in tropical island river systems. Water Research, 299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125860
Li, C., Shi, Y., Luo, D., Kang, M., Li, Y., Huang, Y., & Bai, X. (2023). Interventions of river network structures on urban aquatic microplastic footprint from a connectivity perspective. Water Research, 243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120418
Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, M., Yang, C., Cai, M., Li, Z., Li, X., Fang, Z., Cheng, K., & Zhao, W. (2025). Coastal bays serve as reservoirs for microplastics from East China: Insights from a mass budget model based on sedimentary findings. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118284
Lu, J., He, Y., Jiao, M., Wei, N., Leng, T., Jabeen, K., Zheng, H., Yao, Z., Li, D., & Liu, B. (2026). Not just a corridor: Hydrodynamic traps and fiber risk in the Kuroshio extension. Water Research, 289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124760
Luo, W., Fu, H., Lu, Q., Li, B., Cao, X., Chen, S., Liu, R., Tang, B., Yan, X., & Zheng, J. (2024). Microplastic pollution differences in freshwater river according to stream order: Insights from spatial distribution, annual load, and ecological assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121836
Mai, H., Nguyen, D. T., Nguyen, T. H., Dao, T. D., & Nguyen, N. T. (2025). Seasonal microplastics and meiofauna distributions in sediments along the Van Uc estuary in Vietnam. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14199-9
Muthu, P., Bairoliya, S., Girija, G. K., Tseng, L.-C., Cao, B., Hwang, J.-S., & Ho, Y.-N. (2026). Substrate-driven microbial diversity and functional potential of plastisphere biofilms in a dynamic coastal ecosystem of northeastern Taiwan. Environmental Pollution, 389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127382
Nyadjro, E. S., Webster, J. A. B., Boyer, T. P., Cebrian, J., Collazo, L., Kaltenberger, G., Larsen, K., Lau, Y. H., Mickle, P., Toft, T., Wang, Z., et al. (2023). The NOAA NCEI marine microplastics database. Scientific Data, 10, Article 725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02632-y
OECD. (2022). Global Plastics Outlook: Policy Scenarios to 2060. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en
Phan, N.-T., Thanh Thao, L. X., Do, V. M., & Nguyen, D. D. (2024). Assessment of microplastic presence in coastal environments and organisms of Da Nang, Vietnam. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116516
Pinto, R. B., Bogerd, L., van der Ploeg, M., Duah, K., Uijlenhoet, R., & van Emmerik, T. H. M. (2024). Catchment scale assessment of macroplastic pollution in the Odaw river, Ghana. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115813
Qiao, Y., Shen, M., Kong, L., Sun, Y., Wang, S., Gao, Y., Xue, J., Jiang, Q., Cheng, D., & Liu, Y. (2025). Better ecosystem resistibility but with severer risk deriving from potential pathogens and antibiotic resistances in marine sediments adjacent to Yellow River estuary under oil contamination. Environmental Research, 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.121486
Quadroni, S., Cesarini, G., De Santis, V., & Galafassi, S. (2024). Interconnected impacts of water resource management and climate change on microplastic pollution and riverine biocoenosis: A review by freshwater ecologists. Journal of Environmental Management, 372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123363
Rafa, N., Ahmed, B., Zohora, F., Bakya, J., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S. F., Mofijur, M., Chowdhury, A. A., & Almomani, F. (2024). Microplastics as carriers of toxic pollutants: Source, transport, and toxicological effects. Environmental Pollution, 343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123190
Ridall, A., Farrar, E., Dansby, M., & Ingels, J. (2023). Influence of wastewater treatment plants and water input sources on size, shape, and polymer distributions of microplastics in St. Andrew Bay, Florida, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114552
Saikia, K. K., & Handique, S. (2026). Assessing spatial and seasonal dynamics and source apportionment of microplastics in Deeporbeel wetland in Assam-India using the PCA-APCS-MLR receptor model. Environmental Pollution, 390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127474
Samuels, W., Awe, A., & Sparks, C. (2024). Microplastic pollution and risk assessment in surface water and sediments of the Zandvlei Catchment and estuary, Cape Town, South Africa. Environmental Pollution, 342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122987
Sawan, R., Doyen, P., Viudes, F., Amara, R., & Mahfouz, C. (2024). Microplastic inputs to the Mediterranean Sea during wet and dry seasons: The case of two Lebanese coastal outlets. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115781
Sharma, P., Pal, N., Kumawat, M., Singh, S., Das, D., Tilwari, A., Prakash, A., Tiwari, R. R., & Kumar, M. (2025). Investigating the antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in water systems impacted with anthropogenic pollutants. Environmental Research, 269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.120814
Shekh, M. R., & Kumar, V. (2025). Impact of plastic pollution on ecosystems: A review of adverse effects and sustainable solutions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-13723-1
Shi, J., Sun, C., Su, Y., Wu, Y., Zhan, M., Ji, C., Wang, R., & Lv, B. (2026). Ecosystem-specific composition and drivers of plastisphere resistome in freshwater and marine environments. Environmental Research, 294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.123858
Sullivan, E., Cole, M., Atwood, E. C., Lindeque, P. K., Chin, P. T., & Martinez-Vicente, V. (2023). In situ correlation between microplastic and suspended particulate matter concentrations in river-estuary systems support proxies for satellite-derived estimates of microplastic flux. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115529
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2024). Acute aquatic life screening value for 6PPD-quinone in freshwater. https://www.epa.gov/wqc/aquatic-life-criteria-and-methods-toxics
UN Environment Assembly. (2022). Resolution 5/14: End plastic pollution: Towards an international legally binding instrument. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/40597
UN Environment Programme. (2023). Turning off the Tap: How the world can end plastic pollution and create a circular economy. https://www.unep.org/resources/turning-off-tap-end-plastic-pollution-create-circular-economy
UN Environment Programme. (2026). Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution. https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution
Wagner, M., Scherer, C., Alvarez-Muñoz, D., Brennholt, N., Bourrain, X., et al. (2014). Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: What we know and what we need to know. Environmental Sciences Europe, 26, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-014-0012-7
WHO. (2019). Microplastics in drinking-water. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241516198
Woodford, L., Messer, L. F., Ormsby, M. J., White, H. L., Fellows, R., & Quilliam, R. (2025). Exploiting microplastics and the plastisphere for the surveillance of human pathogenic bacteria discharged into surface waters in wastewater effluent. Water Research, 281, 123563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123563
Zhang, X., Dong, Z., Zhang, S., Ma, J., & Liu, S. (2026). Microplastic biofilm as hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes and potential pathogens. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, 12, 24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-025-00890-9
Zhang, Y., Shi, P., & Cui, L. (2024). Microplastics in riverine systems: Recommendations for standardized sampling, separation, digestion and characterization. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116950
Zhao, B., Richardson, R. E., & You, F. (2024). Microplastics monitoring in freshwater systems: A review of global efforts, knowledge gaps, and research priorities. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 477, 135329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135329
Zhao, S., Kvale, K. F., Zhu, L., Zettler, E. R., Egger, M., Mincer, T. J., Amaral-Zettler, L. A., Lebreton, L., Niemann, H., Nakajima, R., Thiel, M., Bos, R. P., Galgani, L., & Stubbins, A. (2025). The distribution of subsurface microplastics in the ocean. Nature, 641, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08818-1
Zheng, J., Chen, K., Wu, J., & Wu, J. (2026). Microplastics in nearshore groundwater of Taihu Lake: Occurrence and potential fluxes to the lake via groundwater discharge. Water Research, 298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125821
