IMPACT AND PROBLEMS OF DISORDERS IN CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

Abstract

Children with special needs encounter multidimensional challenges that influence their physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and educational development. This study aimed to examine the impacts of disabilities, identify the major problems experienced by children with special needs in family, school, and community settings, and explore evidence-based strategies to support their optimal development. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was employed by synthesizing peer-reviewed articles, books, and scientific publications published between 2020 and 2025. Relevant literature was identified through major academic databases, screened according to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and analyzed using thematic synthesis. The review revealed that disabilities affect not only children's physical growth and cognitive functioning but also their emotional well-being, social participation, self-confidence, and independence. Family-related problems include inadequate parental acceptance, psychological stress, economic burdens, inappropriate parenting practices, and limited social support. School-related challenges involve insufficient teacher competence, limited inclusive learning facilities, inadequate individualized instruction, and barriers to social interaction. Meanwhile, community-related problems are primarily associated with stigma, discrimination, stereotypes, and limited accessibility to inclusive public services. The findings further demonstrate that successful intervention requires collaborative efforts among families, schools, counselors, governments, and communities through inclusive education, early intervention, family empowerment, professional support services, and public awareness campaigns. Strengthening inclusive policies and promoting positive societal attitudes are essential for ensuring equal educational opportunities and improving the overall quality of life of children with special needs.